The main difference between ArrayList vs LinkedList is that the former is backed by an array while the latter is based upon the linked list data structure, which makes the performance of add(), remove(), contains(), and iterator() different for both ArrayList and LinkedList.
Before comparing differences between ArrayList and LinkedList, let's see What is common between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java :
1) Both ArrayList and LinkedList are an implementation of the List interface, which means you can pass either ArrayList or LinkedList if a method accepts the java.util.List interface.
2) Both ArrayList and LinkedList are not synchronized, which means you can not share them between multiple threads without external synchronization. See here to know How to make ArrayList synchronized in Java.
3) ArrayList and LinkedList are ordered collection e.g. they maintain insertion order of elements i.e. the first element will be added to the first position.
4) ArrayList and LinkedList also allow duplicates and null, unlike any other List implementation e.g. Vector.
5) An iterator of both LinkedList and ArrayList are fail-fast which means they will throw ConcurrentModificationException if a collection is modified structurally once the Iterator is created. They are different than CopyOnWriteArrayList whose Iterator is fail-safe.
1. Underlying Data Structure
The first difference between ArrayList and LinkedList comes with the fact that ArrayList is backed by Array while LinkedList is backed by LinkedList. This will lead to further differences in performance.
2. LinkedList implements Deque
Another difference between ArrayList and LinkedList is that apart from the List interface, LinkedList also implements the Deque interface, which provides first in first out operations for add() and poll() and several other Deque functions.
7. Memory
LinkedList uses a wrapper object, Entry, which is a static nested class for storing data and two nodes next and previous while ArrayList just stores data in Array.
The difference between ArrayList and LinkedList is also an important Java collection interview question, as much popular as Vector vs ArrayList or HashMap vs HashSet in Java. Sometimes this is also asked as for when to use LinkedList and when to use ArrayList in Java.
In this Java collection tutorial, we will compare LinkedList vs ArrayList on various parameters which will help us to decide when to use ArrayList over LinkedList in Java.
Btw, we will not focus on the array and linked list data structure much, which is subject to data structure and algorithm, we'll only focus on the Java implementations of these data structures which are ArrayList and LinkedList.
If you want to learn more about the array and linked list data structure itself, I suggest you check Data Structures and Algorithms: Deep Dive Using Java course by Tim Buchalaka on Udemy.
It explains essential data structure in Java programming language and most importantly teaches you when to use which data structure, a good refresher for those who are preparing for coding interviews too.
When to use ArrayList vs LinkedList in Java
Before comparing differences between ArrayList and LinkedList, let's see What is common between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java :1) Both ArrayList and LinkedList are an implementation of the List interface, which means you can pass either ArrayList or LinkedList if a method accepts the java.util.List interface.
Btw, if you are new to Java's collections framework then I suggest you first go through Java Fundamentals: Collections by Richard Warburton. It's an online Java course on Pluralsight, which you can avail of free by signing their 10-day free trial. IMHO, it's worth going through that course to learn Java collections in the right way.
2) Both ArrayList and LinkedList are not synchronized, which means you can not share them between multiple threads without external synchronization. See here to know How to make ArrayList synchronized in Java.
3) ArrayList and LinkedList are ordered collection e.g. they maintain insertion order of elements i.e. the first element will be added to the first position.
4) ArrayList and LinkedList also allow duplicates and null, unlike any other List implementation e.g. Vector.
5) An iterator of both LinkedList and ArrayList are fail-fast which means they will throw ConcurrentModificationException if a collection is modified structurally once the Iterator is created. They are different than CopyOnWriteArrayList whose Iterator is fail-safe.
Difference between LinkedList and ArrayList in Java
Now let's see some differences between ArrayList and LinkedList and when to use ArrayList and LinkedList in Java.1. Underlying Data Structure
The first difference between ArrayList and LinkedList comes with the fact that ArrayList is backed by Array while LinkedList is backed by LinkedList. This will lead to further differences in performance.
2. LinkedList implements Deque
Another difference between ArrayList and LinkedList is that apart from the List interface, LinkedList also implements the Deque interface, which provides first in first out operations for add() and poll() and several other Deque functions.
Also, LinkedList is implemented as a doubly-linked list and for index-based operation, navigation can happen from either end (see Complete Java MasterClass).
3. Adding elements in ArrayList
Adding an element in ArrayList is O(1) operation if it doesn't trigger re-size of Array, in which case it becomes O(log(n)), On the other hand, appending an element in LinkedList is O(1) operation, as it doesn't require any navigation.
4. Removing an element from a position
In order to remove an element from a particular index e.g. by calling remove(index), ArrayList performs a copy operation which makes it close to O(n) while LinkedList needs to traverse to that point which also makes it O(n/2), as it can traverse from either direction based upon proximity.
5. Iterating over ArrayList or LinkedList
Iteration is the O(n) operation for both LinkedList and ArrayList where n is a number of an element.
6. Retrieving element from a position
The get(index) operation is O(1) in ArrayList while its O(n/2) in LinkedList, as it needs to traverse till that entry. Though, in Big O notation O(n/2) is just O(n) because we ignore constants there.
3. Adding elements in ArrayList
Adding an element in ArrayList is O(1) operation if it doesn't trigger re-size of Array, in which case it becomes O(log(n)), On the other hand, appending an element in LinkedList is O(1) operation, as it doesn't require any navigation.
4. Removing an element from a position
In order to remove an element from a particular index e.g. by calling remove(index), ArrayList performs a copy operation which makes it close to O(n) while LinkedList needs to traverse to that point which also makes it O(n/2), as it can traverse from either direction based upon proximity.
5. Iterating over ArrayList or LinkedList
Iteration is the O(n) operation for both LinkedList and ArrayList where n is a number of an element.
6. Retrieving element from a position
The get(index) operation is O(1) in ArrayList while its O(n/2) in LinkedList, as it needs to traverse till that entry. Though, in Big O notation O(n/2) is just O(n) because we ignore constants there.
If you want to learn more about how to calculate time and space complexity for your algorithms using Big O notation, I recommend reading Grokking Algorithms by Aditya Bhargava, one of the most interesting books on this topic I have read ever.
7. Memory
LinkedList uses a wrapper object, Entry, which is a static nested class for storing data and two nodes next and previous while ArrayList just stores data in Array.
So memory requirement seems less in the case of ArrayList than LinkedList except for the case where Array performs the re-size operation when it copies content from one Array to another.
If Array is large enough it may take a lot of memory at that point and trigger Garbage collection, which can slow response time.
From all the above differences between ArrayList vs LinkedList, It looks like ArrayList is the better choice than LinkedList in almost all cases, except when you do a frequent add() operation than remove(), or get().
From all the above differences between ArrayList vs LinkedList, It looks like ArrayList is the better choice than LinkedList in almost all cases, except when you do a frequent add() operation than remove(), or get().
It's easier to modify a linked list than ArrayList, especially if you are adding or removing elements from start or end because the linked list internally keeps references of those positions and they are accessible in O(1) time.
In other words, you don't need to traverse through the linked list to reach the position where you want to add elements, in that case, addition becomes an O(n) operation. For example, inserting or deleting an element in the middle of a linked list.
In my opinion, use ArrayList over LinkedList for most of the practical purposes in Java
Other Java Collection Articles you may like
- How to sort a Map by keys and values in Java? (tutorial)
- Top 10 Courses to learn Java for Beginners (best courses)
- How to sort an ArrayList in ascending and descending order in Java? (tutorial)
- 10 Free courses to learn Java in-depth (courses)
- The difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap in Java? (answer)
- 10 courses to learn Data Structure in-depth (courses)
- The difference between HashMap and LinkedHashMap in Java? (answer)
- Difference between ArrayList and HashSet in Java? (answer)
- Top 5 Courses to learn Java Collections and Stream (courses)
- What is the difference between TreeMap and TreeSet in Java? (answer)
- The difference between HashSet and TreeSet in Java? (answer)
- 7 Best Courses to learn Data STructure and Algorithms (best courses)
- 20+ basic algorithms interview questions for programmers (questions)
- Top 5 Courses to become full-stack Java developer (courses)
- The difference between Hashtable and HashMap in Java? (answer)
- 50+ Core Java Interview Questions and Answers (questions)
Thanks for reading this article so far, if you like this article then please share it with your friends and colleagues. If you have any questions or doubts then please drop a note.
P. S. - If you are keen to learn Java Programming in-depth but looking for free online courses then you can also check out Java Tutorial for Complete Beginners (FREE) course on Udemy. It's completely free and you just need an Udemy account to join this course.
Nice post!
ReplyDeleteIts also good to mention that ArrayList can be created with an initial array size so if you know how many items you're going to store in it you can speed up .add operations because re sizing the backed array won't be needed (unless adding more items than the initial capacity).
Agree, Initializing List with initial capacity is very good practice to reduce load on Garbage collector and improve performance. On another note, I think LinkedList is a special implementation of List interface, which is only suitable for sequential access e.g. stacks and queues. When you start using LinkedList as array instead of linked list e.g. calling get(1), an index access you won't get O(1) performance like ArrayList, until it's very slow O(n). So always use LinkedList when you need sequential access and use ArrayList when you need random access.
DeleteJust to make sure I understand clearly, let's say I am building a list that is going to be an attribute of a domain object. It is going to created (add) and then most likely read through as needed. But not changed and not really direct index accessed. In that case despite the slightly larger memory size, the LinkedList would actually make more sense. Just making sure I read correctly.
ReplyDeleteDon't forget that when using an iterator you can .remove() while iterating causing an extremely efficient and fast removal.
ReplyDeleteI know ArrayList is faster than LinkedList in most of cases e.g. getting an element form beginning, middle and end, does any one knows, when LinkdList is faster than ArrayList? I can think of only adding at the beginning, because there linked list doesn't resize, it just a pointer change, while array may resize, which is copy operation. Anything other case??
ReplyDeleteHi Grasshoper... I think linkedlist is considered to be faster in cases where you need to frequently insert and remove elements from the list. This is because even though it might need to traverse a particular location before it can insert, once it reaches the particular location it will just point the prev's next to itself and the former prev's next to its own next. Consider this same action in array list, where you may reach the location faster using the index but when u insert in middle, you need to move all the elements following it by one, this can cause a re-size of array to. Similar is the case when u consider removal process. Hence if you know that you will be constantly modifying the internal structure it would be better to use an LinkedList.
DeleteThank you.
thanx
DeleteI couldnt understand that. How array resizing for arraylist willbe done in log n ? I think it should be n
ReplyDeleteYeah, I was about to point out the same thing. It's O(n) since you need to copy each element in the old array into the new one.
DeleteI think logn is for array get() operation in average case, inlcudin O(n) worst case when resize can happen. By the way, why does array copy needs to be O(n), isn't System.arrayCopy() can copy in blocks to include more than one element at a time?
DeleteThere is no such thing as O(n/2)
ReplyDeleteOne more difference you can point out is that LinkedList is also a queue but ArrayList is not, which is only true after java 6 onwards, but yes its still a difference.
ReplyDeletei have a doubt here. as we know arrayList will create with size 10 initially. if i added only 3 elements to the list object what will happen for remaining empty elements.will they exist in memory or GC will clean?
ReplyDeleteThanks in advance.
Hello @Unknown, they will exists in memory because it is allocated to underlying array and it cannot be reclaimed in parts.
DeleteThe Big O Notation times given above are wrong. Java docs for ArrayList says "The size, isEmpty, get, set, iterator, and listIterator operations run in constant time. The add operation runs in amortized constant time, that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the other operations run in linear time (roughly speaking). The constant factor is low compared to that for the LinkedList implementation."
ReplyDeletewhere Constant time is O(1) and linear time is O(n).
For LinkedList the Big O notation time is not even given in java API docs.